Topping: In a small pan, cook and stir almonds and sugar over medium heat until almonds are caramelized (they will be light brown and coated with melted sugar), approximately 4-6 minutes. Spread the almonds on foil or wax paper. After they cool, break apart.
Salad: Combine romaine, celery, onions, and mandarin oranges in a salad bowl. Top with caramelized almonds.
Dressing: Combine ingredients in a jar or container with a lid and shake well. Pour the dressing over the salad and toss.